[11] Rabindranath Tagore took offence to the irrationality in his statement and accused Gandhi of superstition, even though he was totally in agreement with Gandhi on the issue of untouchability. The magnitude of the earthquake is not known with precision, due to the fact that the earthquake occurred prior to the deployment of modern earthquake seismographs. A. Dunn and three assistants were sent to the areas chiefly affected. Maharashtra earthquake, 1993. ", "Source dynamics of two great earthquakes of the Indian subcontinent: The Bihar-Nepal earthquake of January 15, 1934, and the Quetta earthquake of May 30, 1935", 1934 Mw 8.1 Bihar/Nepal earthquake 15 January 1934, Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1934_NepalIndia_earthquake&oldid=1133023739, All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 11 January 2023, at 22:58. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences. [9][10], Mahatma Gandhi visited the Bihar state. Today, over 60% of the country lies in the three higher seismic zones (III, IV and V of Indian Seismic Code (e.g. Magnitude calibration of north Indian earthquakes. natural hazards. The M6.5 earthquakes affected mostly the far western portion of Nepal mainly Baitadhi, Bajhang and Darchula. It is officially estimated that the flood-affected area of Bihar has increased from 2.5 million hectares in 1954 to 7.3 million hectares in 2016. Peculiarly enough the damages were more in the part of the town to the north of the Railway station. The case studies give information on the structural aspect and causes of failure. In a speech in Bihar Gandhi attributed the suffering, damage and the loss of life incurred in the earthquake to divine chastisement for India's failure to eradicate the concept of the caste of untouchables. Rizza, M., Bollinger, L., Sapkota, S. N., Tapponnier, P., Klinger, Y., Karaka, ., et al. Geol. The flood may result due to damage caused to the dams. National Institute of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India, You can also search for this author in In this year 1934-35 the local Government had instituted an enquiry into the indebtedness of the cultivators to ascertain if the situation had worsened. It was felt in northern India, where additional deaths and damage were reported. The BiharNepal Earthquake of 1934. Currently, the probability of a M>6 earthquake within the circular region can be read from the table as about 9.2% over the next year from now, June 13, 2013. The towns of Munger and Muzaffarpur were completely destroyed. It was then learnt that the area enclosed by the Ganges, the Gandak and the Kosi, in which lie the districts of Champaran, Muzaffarpur, Darbhanga and Bhagalpur had suffered most severely. This mountainous region is one of the most seismically active continental areas on earth. Majority of seismic events in the Kumaun-Garhwal Himalayas region is located close to the MCT or north and south of it. Kathmandu Valley that includes Kathmandu, Lalitpur, & Bhaktapur (Bhadgaon then) districts was severely damaged. 1st English edition. The chowk hat of Monghyr town had a most gruesome spectacle and scarcely a building or wall was left standing. Sukhija, B. S., Rao, M. N., Reddy, D. V., Nagabhushanam, P., Kumar, D., Lakshmi, B. V., & Sharma, P. (2002). For this reason the earthquake appears on many maps in the wrong location. Minor quake strikes Bihar, no damage reported. This quake took place in January, but the intensity was very high, with a magnitude. 1.Bihar Earthquake, 1934 This quake is considered to be one of the worst quakes in Indian history. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Nature (Nature) . [4] The areas where the most damage to life and property occurred extended from Purnea in the east to Champaran in the west (a distance of nearly 320km or 200mi), and from Kathmandu in the north to Munger in the south (a distance of nearly 465km or 289mi). Liquefaction record of the great 1934 earthquake predecessors from the north Bihar alluvial plains of India. Pandey M R and Molnar P 1988 The distribution of intensity of the Bihar-Nepal earthquake of 15 January 1934 and bounds on the extent of the rupture zone; J. Geol. Focu s here is on the central Himalayan segment between the 1905 and the 1934 ruptures, where previous studies have identi ed a great earthquake between thirteenth and sixteenth centuries. India As of 27 April 2015 at 4:14 p.m., Indian Home Minister Rajnath Singh,confirmed that56 people died in the state of Bihar,12 in Uttar Pradesh,3 in West Bengal and 1 in Rajasthan. The new specifications promulgated by the Government laying stress on the use of horizontal reinforced concrete of R.B. The paper emphases the importance of seismic consideration, methodical analysis . Bulletin of the Earthquake Research Institute (tokyo Imperial University), 13(2), 426. Nepal-Bihar 1934. Zones like Dharan, Sindhuli, Udayapur and Bhojpur were severely damaged. Ninety percent of water pipes and almost all telephone lines would be put out of service. The earthquake had removed many antiquated buildings and was directly responsible for the construction of numerous modern buildings, roads and bridges in which cement, steel and reinforced concrete played an important role. Active strike-slip faults and an outer frontal thrust in the Himalayan foreland basin. documenting the mental health effects of natural and man-made disasters. It was the worst that ever occurred in that country. (2016) Tectonic summaries of magnitude 7 and greater earthquakes from 2000 to 2015, USGS Open-File Report 2016-1192. Seismol. [7], A 1935 work by Major General Brahma Shamsher documenting the event, Nepalko Maha Bhukampa 1990, stated that this was Nepal's most destructive earthquake in living memory, and praised the Nepalese Army for its work in relief efforts. 79 1237-1250. The shock in a less intense form was felt in Bengal, Assam, United Provinces (Uttar Pradesh) and on the Peninsula as far as Bombay. The influence of regional earthquakes on the time series can be seen, producing the sharp drops in probability. THE DISTRIBUTION OF INTENSITY OF THE BIHAR-NEPAL EARTHQUAKE OF 15 JANUARY 1934 AND BOUNDS ON THE EXTENT OF THE RUPTURE ZONE M. R. Pandey* and Peter Molnar ** ABSTRACT We have recompiled the descriptions of damage and destruction caused by the 15 January 1934 Bihar-Nepal earthquake, given by both Dunn et al. GeoPlanet: Earth and Planetary Sciences. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 494, 216225. The ground around these sand fissures subsided, causing more damage. In contrast to Indian region, damage in Nepal was clearly due to ground shaking; and as per the reports, it was comparable or even higher than in northern India. Wesnousky, S. G. (2020). He The Indian Department of Mines and Geology is collaborating with many scientists from all over the world to understand the causes and effects of these devastating earthquakes, and to help mitigate the ensuing destruction. Explaining the 1934 Bihar-Nepal Earthquake: The Role of Science, Astrology, and Rumours. 423482). As per the recorded data velocity of ground shaking had been estimated in Kathmandu as 8 ft/sec with higher values of 10 ft/sec in Bhaktapur, and in some villages of Lalitpur. Journal of Seismology, 20, 733745. Paleoseismic evidence of a giant medieval earthquake in the eastern himalaya. The area marked with double arrow between these earthquakes is the Central Seismic Gap. The clock of the tower in the Patna Secretariat had stopped. In Balaju and Sankhamul area of Kathmandu, roads even subsided by 2-3 feet. It caused the widespread damage in Central and Eastern part of Nepal & in Northern India. Its rupture length was estimated to be 1,200 miles. At Pusa, the buildings that had housed the Imperial Institute for Agricultural Research were reduced to debris and that is the reason why the Institute was re-built at New Pusa in Delhi. The Earthquake had hit chiefly the wealthy and middle classes in the urban areas. Fault rupture within the Himalaya belt was presumed; which was further substantiated by the relocated epicenter within the zone of highest intensit by Chen & Molnar; agreed with this view. Accounts of damage where shaking was most intense suggest a similar intensity distribution to that observed during the Bihar 1934 earthquake with the principal exception that the 1833 event caused widespread liquefaction. London:Special Publications. Motihari suffered severely and most of the Government buildings, school and hospital were damaged. More than 80,000 houses were damaged. You can also search for this author in https://doi.org/10.1007/s10950-016-9554-z. Did Trump Ruin America for Good? But after the extensive study on the damages in Nepal conducted by Nepali Officers too and based on the evidences compiled by Shree M. J Brahma Sumsher, later it was relocated within Nepal. Earthquake Track. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-4748-2_11, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-4748-2_11, eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0). Lett. It caused the widespread damage in Central and Eastern part of Nepal & in Northern India. [3], The epicentre for this event was located in eastern Nepal about 9.5km (5.9mi) south of Mount Everest. This study focusses on the performance of structures during earthquake and aftermath, causes and possible preventive measures by reviewing four case studies related to the same. Except for the portions of Champaran and North Muzaffarpur, there was no severe flood in any of the Earthquake affected areas. Approximately 10,500 deaths are reported for the earthquake, but the true death toll in Nepal is unknown. 117, S2, 773-782. The quake was felt at far-off places such as Kanpur (440 km south-east from the An outbreak of fire and spilling of hazardous chemicals. Science, 294, 23282331. 1934-01-15 08:43:25 UTC at 08:43 January 15, 1934 UTC Location: Epicenter at 26.885, 86.589 19.2 km from Lahn (12.2 miles) Nepal India Border . Journal of Geophysical Research, 111, B03304. The impact was reported to be felt in. He wrote that the Bihar earthquake was providential retribution for India's failure to eradicate untouchability. Also, the length of rupture zone along east-west had been estimated as 200 100 Km. Kathmandu valley was severely damaged in that earthquake. Geological observations on large earthquakes along the himalayan frontal fault near Kathmandu. PubMedGoogle Scholar, D., C. The Bihar Earthquake of 1934. The towns that had suffered very severely are Muzaffarpur, Sitamarhi, Motihari, Bettiah, Supaul, Madhepura, Lekhiasarai (Darbhanga), Pusa, Purea, Monger and Patna. Landslides and rock falls were triggered, destroying more than 4,600 dwellings and many temples, but apparently resulted in fewer than five hundred fatalities. Western part of the Kathmandu suffered relatively less damage. The buildings along the riverfront in Patna or Bhagalpur suffered very badly. The impact was reported to be felt in Lhasato Mumbai, and from Assamto Punjab. Bilham, R., Gaur, V. K. and Molnar, P., Science, 2001, 293, Soc. - 1st January, 1930". Rajendran, C. P., John, B., Rajendran, K., & Sanwal, J. To the effects of shaking were added those of flood; the rivers rose high after the earthquake, bringing down sand, mud, trees, and all kinds of debris. (1939) and by Major General Brahma Floods were there in the rivers carrying dirty waters. On Monday the 15th January 1934 Calcutta experienced an earthquake shock of fair intensity which lasted for over three minutes. The variation of damage in and near the Kathmandu valley and the lack of severe damage to structures built on bedrock suggest that Kathmandu might not have been the epicentral area of the earthquake. Molnar, P., & Deng, Q. the Kinnaur earthquake (1975), Dharam . Part of Springer Nature. Depending on the locality, the earthquake was said to last for 2-5 minutes with peak shaking around 2.5 mins after the initiation of earthquake. The earthquake took place on January 15 around two o'clock in the afternoon and cause widespread damage. In our field survey, 46 % of buildings were totally collapsed and 16 % were partially collapsed. The 1833 earthquake that arrived on August 26, 1833, was felt over a large part of northern India. Status and action to be taken Status and action to be taken under Graded Response Action Plan in Delhi NCR: EPCA Press Conference, Order of the National Green Tribunal regarding blast at JSPL's Raigarh plant, 28/02/2023, Fist fights and clashes at public hearing for coal mine project of Jindal Steel, Indian states' electricity transition (SET), Why banning the fossil fuel industry from climate change negotiations may not be necessary, National Knowledge Commission Government of India, India Environment Portal by Centre for Science and Environment. On Monday the 15th January 1934 Calcutta experienced an earthquake shock of fair intensity which lasted for over three minutes. [5] In Rajnagar, near Madhubani, all the Kutcha buildings collapsed. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); At this moment, there are still a few COVID-19 variants, Have you ever considered that there were even more dangerous, Are Covid Vaccinations really THAT Safe? 4. Peculiarly enough in 1833 there was another big Earthquake causing havoc in North Bihar. Bihar is located in the high seismic zone that falls on the boundary of the tectonic plate joining the Himalayan tectonic plate near the Bihar-Nepal Border and has six sub-surface fault lines moving towards the Gangetic planes in four directions. The epicenter of the earthquake was in Nepal six miles south of Mt. Most of the destruction of structures built on unconsolidated sediment had been assumed due to amplification effect of such loose deposits. which caused irreparable damage to human structures. Ratna Pustak Bhandar, Kathmandu, Nepal (136 p). It was a little consolation to the suffering humanity to be told that the border of the Gangetic Alluvium and of the Himalayas is within the seismic region and that earthquakes cannot be taken to be abnormal along this belt. Pilots flyng over the meizoseismal area reported great changes in topography; this was largely due to enormous slides, some of which were photographed. Sapkota, S., Bollinger, L., Klinger, Y., et al. the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Almeida, V., Hubbard, J., Liberty, L., Foster, A., & Sapkota, S. N. (2018). Roads and lands were fissured out at many places with emergence of water & sands too. Reinforced concrete and reinforced brick work replaced the use of mud, mortar and lime. Publ. Large himalayan frontal thrust paleoearthquake at Khayarmara in Eastern Nepal. The devastating quake of 8.3-magnitude on Richter scale that fateful day . In Bhagalpur district many buildings collapsed. In few cases, buildings were subsided by 3-4 feet too. For this reason the earthquake appears on many maps in the the wrong location (almost 200 km too far south).The reason for this was partly due to its misleading early instrumental location, partly due to the sedimentary basin amplification of seismic waves south of the epicenter, which resulted in massive damage near the Ganges, and partly due to the exclusion of foreigners from Nepal (1815 to 1950) which lead to much of the damage in Nepal in not being recognized. Nature The extent of damage in areas not visited by the foreigners did not recognize these facts. 85 1-14. Paleoseismic evidence of great surface rupture earthquakes along the Indian himalaya. 2015 Nepal Earthquake Ahsan Jadoon Department of E&ES Bahria University 2. Geophysical Research Letters, 43, 57075715. (5.2 MB PDF) Downloads. excessive rain during the earthquakes cause damage to the bridges. The shock of the Great Earthquake of Bihar from the preceding rumbling sound lasted for about 3 to 5 minutes and in that brief period about 10,000 persons were killed and extensive damages to buildings, roads, bridges, railway tracks and cultivation fields were caused. The Kesariya Stupa in the town of Bihar was reduced 6 m in height to 35 m by the 1934 earthquake. The study reported that the recovery was faster . Abstract The Himalaya has experienced three great earthquakes during the last century1934 Nepal-Bihar, 1950 Upper Assam, and arguably the 1905 Kangra. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL074270. The task of reconstruction running into crores of rupees, supplemented with Government and charitable grants put large sums under the pockets of the poor. 3.3 BIHAR - NEPAL EARTHQUAKE OF 1934 This 8.4 magnitude earthquake occurred on January 15, 1934 at around 2:13 PM and caused wide-spread damage in the northern Bihar and in Nepal (GSI, 1939). Earth quake cause landslides f Effects Seismic sea waves (TUSNAMIS) f Effects Damage to human life and structures f Effects Faults, thrust and folds f Other Effects More devastating fires Change in surface drainage and underground circulation of water Depression forming lakes fDistribution f Distribution About 60 % of all Am. SOON after the occurrence of this great earthquake on January 15, Dr. J. In addition, possible death and injury figures were estimated by looking at statistics from previous comparable earthquakes in other parts of the world. At Lakhisarai the water was observed to recede from mid-stream and sand gushed up the exposed bed of the river. Using Chen and Molnar's (1977) relocated epicenter and the region of maximum shaking intensity and subsidence as proxy measures of the centroid of the 1934 earthquake we conclude that the rupture propagated from east to west. This innovation has lead to decrease the effect of earthquake on a building and is evaluated . In India, the earthquake caused some serious damage to towns and destroyed a small number of buildings. Around 4.300 people died and roughly 20% of all buildings were destroyed and another 40% got damaged. Duvall, M., Waldron, J. W. F., Godin, L., & Najman, Y. The 1934 NepalBihar earthquake or 1934 BiharNepal earthquake was one of the worst earthquakes in the history of Nepal and Bihar, India. Sir E. Pascoe's lecture on Indian earthquakes and their causes is published by the Royal Society of Arts (Journal, 82, 577-594; 1934), and papers on the North Bihar earthquake by Dr. M. S . Liquefaction record of the great 1934 earthquake predecessors from the north Bihar alluvial plains of India. ), Historical disaster experiences, transcultural researchHeidelberg studies on Asia and Europe in a global context (p. 241266). B., Ghosh, A. M. N., & Wadia, D. N. (1939). Dhunche There is some dispute as to the epicenter of the event, with one report placing it about 10 km south of Mt. 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