Technically, you're correct in referring to it as "the mosque", because the other structure on the Temple Mount - the Dome of the Rock - is an Islamic shrine, not a mosque. The Temple Mount in Jerusalem is one of the holiest sites for Jews, Muslims and Christians. The Caliph Omar ibn Al-Khattab, founder of the Muslim Empire, fought against the Byzantines and conquered Israel and Jerusalem, and ordered the construction of Al-Aqsa Mosque on the ruins of an entire temple. [227], On 28 September 2000, then-opposition leader of Israel Ariel Sharon and members of the Likud Party, along with 1,000 armed guards, visited the al-Aqsa compound. Orthodox Jewish tradition maintains it is here that the third and final Temple will be built when the Messiah comes. [310] In 2007 the Israel Antiquities Authority started work on the construction of a temporary wooden pedestrian pathway to replace the Mugrabi Gate ramp after a landslide in 2005 made it unsafe and in danger of collapse. This has been construed to mean that Jesus dispensed with physical location for worship, which was a matter rather of spirit and truth.[133]. [237], On the occasion of an upsurge in Palestinian knifing attacks on Israelis, associated with fears that Israel was changing the status quo on the Mount, the Haredi newspaper Mishpacha ran a notification in Arabic asking 'their cousins', Palestinians, to stop trying to murder members of their congregation, since they were vehemently opposed to ascending the Mount and consider such visits proscribed by Jewish law. [208] The date of the mosaic is disputed: Zachi Dvira considers that they are from the pre-Islamic Byzantine period, while Baruch, Reich and Sandhaus favor a much later Umayyad origin on account of their similarity to a known Umayyad mosaic.[208]. [138], Muslim interpretations of the Quran agree that the Mount is the site of the Temple originally built by Solomon, considered a prophet in Islam, that was later destroyed. 2008. pp. The Temple Institute wants to disassemble the Dome of the Rock and the Muslim mosques . God answered his prayers and stopped the plague. El Aqsa Mosque on the Temple Mount. There is a speculation that it had a function connected with the altar of the Second Temple (and possibly of the earlier Temple), Cistern 5 (located under the south eastern corner of the upper platform) a long and narrow chamber, with a strange anti-clockwise curved section at its north western corner, and containing within it a doorway currently blocked by earth. [284], The large courtyard (sahn)[20] can host more than 400,000 worshippers, making it one of the largest mosques in the world. [226] He wrote: The basic principle is that every Jew has the right to enter the Temple Mount, to pray there, and to have communion with his maker. [242], Jews were not allowed to visit for approximately one thousand years. History of Temple Mount [26] The Israeli government enforces a ban on prayer by non-Muslims as part of an arrangement usually referred to as the "status quo. 'The Furthest Mosque'),[2] and sometimes as Jerusalem's sacred (or holy) esplanade,[3][4] is a hill in the Old City of Jerusalem that has been venerated as a holy site in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam for thousands of years. The existing four minarets include three near the Western Wall and one near the northern wall. A Muslim custom is to build a mosque on the spot that their defeated foe held sacred. "The city of Jerusalem was chosen at the command of Allah by Prophet David in the tenth century BCE. [230][231], On October 8, 1990, Israeli forces patrolling the site blocked worshippers from reaching it. [303][305][306][307], In late 2002, a bulge of about 700mm (28in) was reported in the southern retaining wall part of the Temple Mount. This fort was built to house 10,000 men (6,000 soldiers and 4,000 support staff) as all Roman forts have a standard size: 35 acres, or 14.2 hectares. Architecture The Dome of the Rock's structure and ornamentation are rooted in the Byzantine architectural tradition, yet its construction in the 7th century represents an early stage in the emergence of a distinct Islamic visual style. [199] After the Third Jewish Revolt, all Jews were forbidden on pain of death from entering the city or the surrounding territory around the cite. [12][13][14] The Second Temple was constructed under the auspices of Zerubbabel in 516 BCE, was renovated by King Herod, and was destroyed by the Roman Empire in 70 CE. Jerusalem, The Robinsons Arch Area. [102] David bought the property from Araunah, for fifty pieces of silver, and erected the altar. After capturing the old city of Jerusalem and the Temple Mount in the Six-Day War in June 1967, Israel left the administration of the Temple Mount under Muslim control while maintaining its military control. [139][140] After the construction, Muslims believe, the temple was used for the worship of the one God by many prophets of Islam, including Jesus. [226] The President of the High Court of Justice, Aharon Barak, in response to an appeal in 1976 against police interference with an individual's putative right to prayer on the site, expressed the view that, while Jews had a right to prayer there, it was not absolute but subject to the public interest and the rights of other groups. [115] Since at least the first century CE, the two sites have been identified with one another in Judaism, this identification being subsequently perpetuated by Jewish and Christian tradition. Solomon placed the Ark in the Holy of Holies the windowless innermost sanctuary and most sacred area of the temple in which God's presence rested;[109] entry into the Holy of Holies was heavily restricted, and only the High Priest of Israel entered the sanctuary once per year on Yom Kippur, carrying the blood of a sacrificial lamb and burning incense. "[27][28][29] The site remains a major focal point of the ArabIsraeli conflict. It stands north-south 262 ft long. [64] Other sources and maps have used the term al-Masjid al-'Aq to refer to the congregational mosque itself. The "land of Moriah" ( , eret ha-Mriyyh) is the name given by Genesis to the location of the binding of Isaac. The Aqsa Mosque is one of the holiest structures in the Islamic faith. [45] In 2014, the Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) issued a press release urging journalists not to use the term "Temple Mount" when referring to the site. [46] In 2017, it was reported that Waqf officials harassed archeologists such as Gabriel Barkay and tour guides who used the term at the site. [109] According to the Bible, the site functioned as the center of all national life a governmental, judicial and religious center. Jewish attitudes towards entering the site vary. (RNS) For the past few weeks, the area surrounding the Al-Aqsa Mosque, known to Muslims as the Al-Aqsa compound and to Jews as the Temple Mount, has been calm. [23][24][25], Since the Crusades launched by the Latin Church (11th13th century), the Muslim community of Jerusalem has managed the site through the Jerusalem Islamic Waqf. New evidence of the Royal Stoa and Roman flames. Biblical Archaeology Review, 36, 2, pp. Religion and the Arts, Volume 12. Baker,Eric W.. During the mandate period, Jewish leaders celebrated ancient religious practices at the Western Wall. The Chief Rabbi of the Israeli Defense Forces, Shlomo Goren, led the soldiers in religious celebrations on the Temple Mount and at the Western Wall. A northern portion of the western wall may be seen from within the Western Wall Tunnel, which was excavated through buildings adjacent to the platform. Israel occupied East Jerusalem . Warren was able to investigate the inside of these gates. This was probably by Baldwin II of Jerusalem and Warmund, Patriarch of Jerusalem at the Council of Nablus in January 1120. Although freedom of access was enshrined in the law, as a security measure, the Israeli government currently enforces a ban on non-Muslim prayer on the site. In 516 BCE, The returned Jewish population in Judah, under Persian provincial governance, rebuilt the Temple in Jerusalem under the auspices of Zerubbabel, yielding what is known as the Second Temple. [49] According to the Book of Samuel, Mount Zion was the site of the Jebusite fortress called the "stronghold of Zion", but once the First Temple was erected, according to the Bible, at the top of the Eastern Hill ("Temple Mount"), the name "Mount Zion" migrated there too. [49] The name later migrated for a last time, this time to Jerusalem's Western Hill. [272] His behavior displeased the government, which restricted his public actions, censored his writings, and in August prevented him from attending the annual Oral Law Conference at which the question of access to the Mount was debated. Until Israel banned them, members of Murabitat, a group of women, cried 'Allah Akbar' at groups of Jewish visitors to remind them the Temple Mount was still in Muslim hands. Na'aman, Contribution of the Amarna Letters, 23. Modern scholarship tends to regard them as distinct (see Moriah). The project was paid for by King Hussein personally, at a cost of $8 million. Many saw the capture of Jerusalem and the Temple Mount as a miraculous liberation of biblical-messianic proportions. The final sacrifice has been made. [101] When a great plague struck Israel, a destroying angel appeared on Araunah's threshing floor. Cistern 16/17 (located at the centre of the far northern end of the Temple Mount). ", Kadi Mejir-ed-din, Ebil-yemen Abd-er-Rahman, El-Alemi, "Chapitre vingtime. 2010. Umar then prayed at the spot where it was believed that Muhammad had prayed before his night journey, reciting the Quranic sura Sad. [115], Jewish texts predict that the Mount will be the site of a Third and final Temple, which will be rebuilt with the coming of the Messiah. It has particular religious significance for Judaism and Islam. Some Arab-Muslim commentators and scholars attempt to deny Jewish connection with the Temple Mount, while some Jewish commentators and scholars attempt to belittle the importance of the site in Islam. 15 et seq. [300][301] The same year the Waqf began construction of a new mosque in the structures known since Crusader times as Solomon's Stables. (2008) "The concept of the Temple Mount in the Second Tem period,". ", in practice, wire and concrete barriers were the reality. A Jordanian team of engineers recommended replacing or resetting most of the stones in the affected area. [295][296][297] Aside from visual observation of surface features, most other archaeological knowledge of the site comes from the 19th-century survey carried out by Charles Wilson and Charles Warren and others. 2008. Many of these recent opinions rely on archaeological evidence. Friedman [167] Muhammad later prayed towards the Kaaba in Mecca after receiving a revelation during a prayer session [168][169] in the Masjid al-Qiblatayn. Martin Gilbert, Jerusalem in the Twentieth Century (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1996), p254. David subsequently the site for a future temple to replace the Tabernacle and house the Ark of the Covenant;[103][104] God forbade him from building it, however, because he had "shed much blood". During the 1990s, additional attempts were made for Jewish prayer on the Temple Mount, which were stopped by Israeli police. Since the Waqf is granted almost full autonomy on the Islamic holy sites, Israeli archaeologists have been prevented from inspecting the area, and are restricted to conducting excavations around the Temple Mount. plan to widen Jewish access to Temple Mount angers Palestinians", "Israel issues tender for new settlement units", "How to visit Temple Mount as a tourist: Old City, Jerusalem, Israel,", "Israel MPs mull Jewish prayer at al-Aqsa site", Leading rabbis rule Temple Mount is off-limits to Jews, Thoughts on the 28th of Iyar - Yom Yerushalayim, "The Politics of Prayer at the Temple Mount", The political role of the Israeli Chief Rabbinate in the Temple Mount question, "Chief Rabbis reimpose ban on Jews visiting Temple Mount", 'Orthodox Jewish newspaper asks Arabs to avoid killing Haredi Jews,', "Wilson's map of the features under the Temple Mount", "Researcher says found location of the Holy Temple", "Photograph of the inside of the Golden Gate", "Jerusalem's Temple Mount Flap - Archaeology Magazine Archive", "Waqf Temple Mount excavation raises archaeologists' protests", Maze of tunnels reveals remains of ancient Jerusalem: Controversial excavations under the Holy City uncover layers of history and stoke long-standing tensions, "Violent clashes at key Jerusalem mosque on 'day of anger', "Temple Mount destruction stirred archaeologist to action - Baptist Press", "Muslim cleanup project 'illegally disturbed, removed' ancient soil on Temple Mt", "Palestinians mark Ramadan by destroying Temple Mount antiquities", "Temple Mount Sifting Project reboots, aims to salvage ancient temple artifacts", "Opus Sectile Floors on Jerusalem's Herodian Temple Mount", "Jerusalem, The Temple Mount Sifting Project", "Satellite News and latest stories | The Jerusalem Post", "On-the-Spot Report from the Kotel Womens Section Construction", "Jerusalem Arabs Riot, Kassams Fired, After Old City Excavations", "Silence in the Face of Continued Temple Mount Destruction", "BBC NEWS - Middle East - Warning over Jerusalem holy site", "Jerusalem wall collapse sparks Jewish-Muslim row", "Rightist MK Ariel visits Temple Mount as thousands throng Wall", Rabbis split on Temple Mount synagogue plan, "Rabbis visiting Temple Mount 'hope for an awakening', "Rabbi Shapira forbids visiting temple Mount", Israel Police battle Arab rioters on Temple Mount; PA official arrested, "Half the Public Wants to See Holy Temple Rebuilt", "Israeli lawmaker visits flashpoint religious site", "Temple Mount terrorists named, identified as 3 Israeli Arabs from Umm al-Fahm", "Israeli police killed in attack near Jerusalem holy site", "Muslim authority protests Temple Mount security measures, blocks entrance", "Tor Wennesland Special Coordinator for the Middle East Peace Process, Briefing to the Security Council on the Situation in the Middle East, 25 April 2022 - occupied Palestinian territory", "Jerusalem clashes destabilising for Israel and Palestine", "Israeli Government Crisis Deepens After Closing of Major Mosque", "Gantz ends West Bank closure amid Temple Mount violence", "Clashes Erupt at Jerusalem Holy Site on Day With Overlapping Holidays", "Clashes erupt at Jerusalem's al-Aqsa mosque, at least 152 injured", "The Temple Mount in Jewish and Early Christian Traditions: A New Look", New Evidence of the Royal Stoa and Roman Flames, Virtual Walking Tour of Al-Haram Al-Sharif ("The Noble Sanctuary"), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Temple_Mount&oldid=1140246677. [212] Al-Ahbar advised Umar to build a mosque to the north of the rock, so that worshippers would face both the rock and Mecca, but instead Umar chose to build it to the south of the rock. [40][41] In the Books of Chronicles, edited at the end of the Persian period, the mountain is already referred to as a distinct entity. [123] It was to this end, proof of a biblical prophecy fulfilled and of Christianity's victory over Judaism with the New Covenant,[124] that early Christian pilgrims also visited the site. [266] Non-Jews were also prohibited from entering the inner court of the Temple. : the Western Attitude Towards Islamic Epigraphy in 17th-Century Jerusalem. The Jews never had a temple in Jerusalem - ever. There have been several changes to the status quo: Many Palestinians believe the status quo is threatened since right-wing Israelis have been challenging it with more force and frequency, asserting a religious right to pray there. [31][32] During a 2016 dispute over the name of the site, UNESCO Director-General Irina Bokova stated: "Different peoples worship the same places, sometimes under different names. [312], In July 2007 the Muslim religious trust which administers the Mount began digging a 400-metre-long (1,300ft), 1.5-metre-deep (4.9ft) trench[313] from the northern side of the Temple Mount compound to the Dome of the Rock[314] in order to replace 40-year-old[315] electric cables in the area. Al Aqsa mosque is a low grey roofed mosque also located on the Temple Mount, across from the Dome of Rock. On 7 June 1967, soon after Israel had taken control of the area during the Six-Day War, Prime Minister Levi Eshkol assured that "no harm whatsoever shall come to the places sacred to all religions". A number of vocal Jewish groups now advocate building the Third Temple without delay in order to bring to pass God's "end-time prophetic plans for Israel and the entire world. [249] According to then Jerusalem police commissioner Yohanan Danino, the place is at the center of a "holy war" and "anyone who wants to change the status quo on the Temple Mount should not be allowed up there", citing an "extreme right-wing agenda to change the status quo on the Temple Mount"; Hamas and Islamic Jihad continued to erroneously assert that the Israeli government planned to destroy Al-Aksa Mosque, resulting in chronic terrorist attacks and rioting.[250]. Warren also conducted some small scale excavations inside the Temple Mount, by removing rubble that blocked passages leading from the Double Gate chamber. [274], Rabbinical consensus in the post-1967 period, held that it is forbidden for Jews to enter any part of the Temple Mount,[275] and in January 2005 a declaration was signed confirming the 1967 decision.[276]. the story of my Night Journey), I stood up in Al-Hijr and Allah displayed Jerusalem in front of me, and I began describing it to them while I was looking at it. JERUSALEM The Israeli government has long forbidden Jews to pray on the Temple Mount, a site sacred to Jews and Muslims, yet Rabbi Yehudah Glick made little effort to hide his prayers. According to Arculf's account as recorded by Adomnn, he saw a rectangular wooden house of prayer built over some ruins, large enough to hold 3,000 people. When the Roman Army arrived in Jerusalem, Pompey ordered the moat defending the Temple Mount from the north to be filled in. In the western face, near the southern corner, is the Barclay's Gate only half visible due to a building (the "house of Abu Sa'ud") on the northern side. The recognition, use of and respect for these names is paramount. The First Temple was destroyed in 587/586 BCE by the Neo-Babylonian Empire under Nebuchadnezzar II. You worship what you do not know; we worship what we know, for salvation is from the Jews. Some Jews, led by Shlomo Goren, then the military chief rabbi, had objected as well, claiming the decision handed over the complex to the Muslims, since the Western Wall's holiness is derived from the Mount and symbolizes exile, while praying on the Mount symbolizes freedom and the return of the Jewish people to their homeland. [309] A few days later, a portion of retaining wall, supporting the earthen ramp that led from the Western Wall plaza to the Gate of the Moors on the Temple Mount, collapsed. Is there a mosque on the Temple Mount? According to Muslim sources, Jews participated in the construction of the haram, laying the groundwork for both al-Aqsa and the Dome of the Rock mosques. "What torment to see our holy courts converted into an alien temple!" The . At the southern end is the famed Al Aqsa mosque (the original mosque was built to the south of it by Caliph Omar, but was renovated and enlarged by later Moslem rulers). [204][205] In a letter attributed to Julian he wrote to the Jews that "This you ought to do, in order that, when I have successfully concluded the war in Persia, I may rebuild by my own efforts the sacred city of Jerusalem, which for so many years you have longed to see inhabited, and may bring settlers there, and, together with you, may glorify the Most High God therein. Indeed, in a case where there is near certainty that injury may be caused to the public interest if a person's rights of religious worship and freedom of expression would be realized, it is possible to limit the rights of the person in order to uphold the public interest. The original mosque was most likely made of wood with a metal covered dome, and it was almost a thousand years later that the gold covered dome and beautiful ceramic tiles were added by Suleiman the Magnificent. Temple Mount entry restrictions are restrictions on entering the Temple Mount/Haram al-Sharif in Jerusalem, which is a holy place for Muslims, Jews, and Christians. al-Wasati. 2 Chronicles 3:1[42] refers to the Temple Mount in the time before the construction of the temple as Mount Moriah (Hebrew: , har ha-Mriyyh). There are several Mamluk buildings on and around the Haram esplanade, such as the late 15th-century al-Ashrafiyya Madrasa and Sabil (fountain) of Qaitbay. [274] The ruling said "We have been warned, since time immemorial [lit. "While there is no scientific evidence that Solomon's Temple existed, all believers in any of the Abrahamic faiths perforce must accept that it did." From Karnak which is the largest temple ever built and took over 1500 years to complete to the Temples of Philae which was the centre for worship of the goddess of Isis, the temples are not to be missed. The project was done without attention to the possibility of disturbing historically significant archaeological material, with stone and ancient artifacts treated without regard to their preservation. [36] According to Eliav, it was during the first century CE, after the destruction of the Second Temple. Temple of Jerusalem, either of two temples that were the centre of worship and national identity in ancient Israel. The Crusaders captured Jerusalem and the Temple Mount in 1099 and converted the Al Aqsa Mosque into a palace and the Dome of the Rock into a church. Several stairways rise to the upper platform from the lower; that at the northwest corner is believed by some archaeologists be part of a much wider monumental staircase, mostly hidden or destroyed, and dating from the Second Temple era. According to Islamic tradition, the Dome of the Rock, built in 691, marks the spot where Muhammed ascended to Heaven. There are no contemporary records, but many traditions, about the origin of the main Islamic buildings on the mount. [237] In December 1997, Israeli security services preempted an attempt by Jewish extremists to throw a pig's head wrapped in the pages of the Quran into the area, in order to spark a riot and embarrass the government. [68] For example, the Al-Aqsa Intifada (the uprising that broke out in September 2000), the al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades (a coalition of Palestinian nationalist militias in the West Bank), al-Aqsa TV (the official Hamas-run television channel), al-Aqsa University (Palestinian university established in 1991 in the Gaza Strip), Jund al-Aqsa (a Salafist jihadist organization that was active during the Syrian Civil War), the Jordanian military periodical published since the early 1970s, and the associations of both the southern and northern branches of the Islamic Movement in Israel are all named Al-Aqsa after this site. An Islamic Waqf has managed the Temple Mount continuously since the Muslim reconquest of the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem in 1187. It begins with the pronouncement of blessing on the humble righteous who will inherit the new state of affairs which God will inaugurate within a generation (5:3-12; cf. [272] According to General Uzi Narkiss, who led the Israeli force that conquered the Temple Mount, Goren proposed to him that the Dome of the Rock be immediately blown up. Many Israelis Think So, Poll Shows,', "The Temple Mount/al-Aqsa in Zionist and Palestinian National Consciousness: A Comparative View", "Amid Temple Mount tumult, the who, what and why of its Waqf rulers", "EXPLAINER: What Are the Temple Movements and Why Should We Be Worried? Historic Cities of the Islamic World edited by Clifford Edmund Bosworth P: 226. ; I Chron. [174]Knauf argued that the Temple Mount already served as the cultic and governmental center of Jerusalem as early as in the Late Bronze Age. [204], During his excavations in the 1930s, Robert Hamilton uncovered portions of a multicolor mosaic floor with geometric patterns inside al-Aqsa mosque, but did not publish them. [136] According to early Quranic interpreters and what is generally accepted as Islamic tradition, in 638 CE Umar, upon entering a conquered Jerusalem, consulted with Ka'ab al-Ahbar a Jewish convert to Islam who came with him from Medina as to where the best spot would be to build a mosque. [200], From the first through the seventh centuries Christianity spread throughout the Roman Empire, gradually became the predominant religion of Palestine and under the Byzantines Jerusalem itself was almost completely Christian, with most of the population being Jacobite Christians of the Syrian rite. Though some Christians believe that the Temple will be reconstructed before, or concurrent with, the Second Coming of Jesus (also see dispensationalism), pilgrimage to the Temple Mount is not viewed as important in the beliefs and worship of most Christians. [68], Some scholars have used the terms Sacred Esplanade or Holy Esplanade as a "strictly neutral term" for the site. [227][228][229], On 15 January 1988, during the First Intifada, Israeli troops fired rubber bullets and tear gas at protesters outside the mosque, wounding 40 worshipers. In. There are several cisterns beneath the lower platform, designed to collect rain water as a water supply. [180], All scholars agree that the Iron Age Temple Mount was smaller than the Herodian compound still visible today. Sabils were built at crossroads and outside mosques throughout the Ottoman Empire to provide drinking water for travelers and enable ritual purification before prayer. How it came to be connected with the Koran is explained here: As in Judaism, Muslims also associate the site with Abraham, and other prophets who are also venerated in Islam. [218][219] The Crusaders therefore referred to al-Aqsa Mosque as Solomon's Temple, and it was from this location that the new Order took the name of "Poor Knights of Christ and the Temple of Solomon", or "Templar" knights. ", "The Temple Mount Outrageous Lies and Escalating Dangers", "Watch: Waqf bans 'Religious Christians' from Temple Mount", "Israeli Police Storm Disputed Jerusalem Holy Site", "Al-Aqsa Mosque's Incident in July 2017: Affirming the Policy of Deterrence", "Israel freezes Unesco ties for 'denying Jewish holy sites', "Four stages in the evolution of the Temple Mount", "The Temple Mount, the Rabbis, and the Poetics of Memory", Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, The Ministry of Awqaf and Islamic Affairs, The Administration Department of Awgaf and Al-Aqsa Mosque Affairs, Jerusalem: Al-Aqsa Mosque, "PLO urge journalists: Don't use term 'Temple Mount', "Islamic guards try to boot guide for saying 'Temple Mount' on Temple Mount", "Account of Jerusalem during the Frank Occupation, extracted from the Universal Geography of Edrisi. [100] The Bible narrates how David united the twelve Israelite tribes, conquered Jerusalem and brought the Israelites' central artifact, the Ark of the Covenant, into the city. [8] The al-Aqsa mosque was built at the southern end of the . After him his son, the Prophet Solomon built a mosque in Jerusalem according to the revelation that he received from Allah. [7] The courtyard is surrounded on the north and west by two Mamluk-era porticos (riwaq) and four minarets. [145][146][147] Mujir al-Din, a 15th-century Jerusalemite chronicler, mentions an earlier tradition related by al-Wasti, according which "after David built many cities and the situation of the children of Israel was improved, he wanted to construct Bayt al-Maqdis and build a dome over the rock in the place that Allah sanctified in Aelia. Christian pilgrims were able to come and experience the Temple Mount area. Both terms are in use in the Book of Maccabees. 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