Ogedei Khan had died on 11 December 1241 CE, and a successor now had to be chosen. The Khwarazm Empire bore the brunt of Ogedei's fury throughout the 1230s CE. _____ 7. Answer (1 of 4): Not worth it for them. The new khan was faced with two major problems at the outset of his reign: first, the imperial treasury was empty and riches were badly needed to keep the Mongol army loyal, and second, the Mongols had defeated many armies and deposed just as many rulers but they had very little in the way of a state apparatus, bureaucracy or government which would allow them to effectively rule these conquered territories. The devastating plague would come again in successive waves throughout the 14th century CE and dwarf the casualties the Mongol hordes had caused a century before. To answer the second as to why it never came to fruition, one could argue it was cunning tactics, the geography, staunch resistance, or a combination of all three. Word of the Mongol hordes' approach spread terror and panic. Kiev had been a very large and thickly populated town, but now it has been reduced almost to nothing, for there are at the present time scarce two hundred houses there and the inhabitants are kept in complete slavery. For instance, Hulagu, who led Mongol forces into the Middle East during the second wave of the invasions in 1250, had with him a thousand squads of engineers, evidently of north Chinese (or perhaps Khitan) provenance. Even with the Pagan king in down (if not yet out), yet another pair of vexations came to Khubilais attention in the southeast: the kingdoms of Dai-Viet and Champa (respectively accounting for modern northern and southern Vietnam). Less than a century later his Yuan dynasty was defeated by the Ming. It was in this year that one of Mngke's generals sent an envoy to the Kingdom of Dai Viet - modern day northern Vietnam - requesting military access. By rejecting non-essential cookies, Reddit may still use certain cookies to ensure the proper functionality of our platform. The Mongol invasions and conquests took place during the 13th and 14th centuries, creating history's largest contiguous empire: the Mongol Empire (1206-1368), which by 1300 covered large parts of Eurasia.Historians regard the Mongol devastation as one of the deadliest episodes in history. Their leader at the time, Sukekuni S, did lead a force of around 80 samurai, and he died during the initial Mongolian invasion. Western travellers began to visit East Asia, a region that had hitherto been a legendary land of monsters - a view the Chinese also held in regard to Europe. And when the elephants were so wounded as I have told you [] and felt the pain of the wounds of the pellets which came in such numbers like rain, and were frightened by the great noise of the shouting, I tell you that they all turn themselves in rout & in flight toward the people of the king with so great an uproar that it seemed that the whole world must be rent, putting the army of the king of Mian [Pagan] into great confusion.. In 1241 CE. And finally, that each send him one of the younger brothers to court to serve as a hostage for their fealty. Alright, well, lets get one thing straight right off the bat the Mongols, or at least the shard of them under Khubilai Khan known as the Yuan Dynasty of China absolutely did try to conquer Southeast Asia, including all of the territories you mentioned. This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon this content non-commercially, as long as they credit the author and license their new creations under the identical terms. Trn Thi Tng who was present at the battle and reportedly led his own men atop one of these elephants was able to escape to a nearby island, safe from the Mongol horde who, without boats, could not reach him. Mongol incursions in the Holy Roman Empire took place in the spring of 1241 and again in the winter of 1241-42. With the Mongol invasion of Europe, the world had become a lot more violent and just that bit smaller. Here you will find the complete history summarized and retold in simple language with acc. There was a second wave of consequences, slower and more subtle but, nevertheless not inconsequential. The Mongols' greatest triumph was when Kublai Khan established the Yuan dynasty in China in 1271. Running a website with millions of readers every month is expensive. Already vastly experienced from his campaigns under Genghis Khan against the Xia and Jin states in East Asia, the general was the supreme field commander of the forces which invaded western Asia and eastern Europe, even if the figurehead of the campaign was Batu (aka Bat-Qan, c. 1205-1255 CE), nephew of Ogedei Khan. The Mongol Empire developed in the course of the 13th century through a series of victorious campaigns throughout Asia, reaching Eastern Europe by the 1240s. Mongol invasions and conquests progressed throughout the 13th century, resulting in the vast Mongol Empire, which, by 1300, covered much of Asia and Eastern Europe. Western Siberia came under the Golden Horde. ", Last edited on 18 February 2023, at 20:58, conflict between the Mongols and Eastern European polities, 12161220 conquest of Central Asia and Eastern Persia, 12201223, 12351330 invasions of Georgia and the Caucasus, 12511259 invasion of Persia, Syria and Mesopotamia, 12531256 Mongol campaign against the Nizaris, Lists of battles of the Mongol invasion of Europe, List of battles of the Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus', List of wars and anthropogenic disasters by death toll, Political divisions and vassals of the Mongol Empire, "Biological Weapons: covert threats to Global Health Security", "History of biological warfare and bioterrorism", "Pluvials, droughts, the Mongol Empire, and modern Mongolia", World Timelines Western Asia AD 12501500 Later Islamic, "Elite violence and elite numeracy in Europe from 500 to 1900 CE: roots of the divergence", "Twentieth Century Atlas Historical Body Count", "Biological Warfare at the 1346 Siege of Caffa", The Mongols and the Armenians (12201335), Battuta's Travels: Part Three Persia and Iraq, The Tran Dynasty and the Defeat of the Mongols, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mongol_invasions_and_conquests&oldid=1140177188, Devastation throughout Southeastern and Central Europe, including, This page was last edited on 18 February 2023, at 20:58. The 75,000 Mongol invaders faced an army of 150,000 Xi Xia troops near their capital at Zhongxing. Disaster followed disaster, Torshok was another city that fell, this time after a prolonged resistance, on 23 March 1238 CE. Hostilities had actually first erupted more than a decade prior in the early 1270s, when the King of Pagan (modern Burma), Narathihapate, a vain despot who described himself as Supreme commander of 36 million, swallower of 300 dishes of curry daily, and sexual mate of 3,000 concubines, and ordered the execution of three Mongol ambassadors who had advised him to submit to the Great Khan (a significant no-no). Despite the massive death and destruction there were some lasting cultural benefits to the invasion as the two worlds of east and west finally met. A third invasion was planned for 1286, but due to financial constraints (and further humiliating defeats to the south that well get to in a moment) he was forced to call it off. Hungary was selected as a primary target because of its grasslands, which the Mongols considered a perfect base for their horses from where they could then attack western Europe. While various dynasties continued to compete, it was not until the successful invasion of the Mongols that most of China was again reunited--as part of the Mongol Empire under Genghis Khan. The Mongols under Ogedei continued the same tactics. At its peak, the Mongol Empire covered the most contiguous territory in history. Yet, for all that, Khubilai by the mid-1280s was both personally and in terms of his empires mojo simply running out of steam. Alexander Nevsky, prince of Vladimir (1221-1263 CE), is just one example and his successful campaigns against Swedish and German knights in 1240 CE illustrate that Russia was far from being obliterated by the Mongol invasion. Please contact the moderators of this subreddit if you have any questions or concerns. Secondly, 'why didn't X do Y' questions are sometimes phrased in an ahistorical way. In 1235 CE northern Iraq was invaded. The Mongol invasions of Russia and Eastern Europe occurred first with a brief sortie in 1223 CE and then again in a much larger campaign between 1237 CE and 1242 CE. What place did the Mongols try to invade under Kublai Khan and failed? The Mongol conquest of China was a series of major military efforts by the Mongol Empire to invade China proper. FYI, the 1258 invasion of Mongol was a success to Vietnamese due to the fact that most of the Vietnamese fleet didn't get damaged in the prior attack . So, to answer your question, they did try to conquer South East Asia, but the first step to do so, Vietnam, never submitted. This is the origin of the Japan legend of the divine winds the kamikaze that would rise up to defend Japan against any foreign invasion. It was gentler than Mongol rule in China, since the Mongols soon converted to Islam. With the arrival of the Mongol Golden Horde in the lands of the Rus, an early Russian culture in the 13th century, much of the material culture of the Rus was . So, the real question is not why didnt they, but rather why didnt it work there, then when they had already managed to achieve much greater victories?. Please read the rules before participating, as we remove all comments which break the rules. Numerous educational institutions recommend us, including Oxford University. Just to let you know, your question is fine, and we're letting it stand. Large areas of Islamic Central Asia and northeastern Persia were seriously depopulated,[10] as every city or town that resisted the Mongols was destroyed. [17], The Mongols conquered, by battle or voluntary surrender, the areas of present-day Iran, Iraq, the Caucasus, and parts of Syria and Turkey, with further Mongol raids reaching southwards into Palestine as far as Gaza in 1260 and 1300. According to the chronicles, the Mongols did not dare storm Kyiv, impressed by its grandeur. Khubilai had become so focused on the military conquest of Japan, no matter the cost, that the costs finally overran his ability to ignore them. The lands which we today know as Burma, Cambodia, Vietnam, Thailand and Indonesia, with their dense jungles, long rivers, exotic wildlife, insects and diseases were to become Khubilai Khan's last efforts at expanding Mongol lands. Books Kublai returned from fighting the Song in 1260 and learned that his brother, Ariq Bke, was challenging his claim to the throne. Another advantage was that the Mongols knew how to exploit internal divisions in the enemy and stir up old rivalries that could weaken alliances, information often acquired by spies and merchants. In reality, the Mongols probably did not invade Germany in force because their objective was merely to punish the Hungarian king for giving protection to the Cumans. On numerous occasions, Khubilai had sent ambassadors and messengers to urge the two monarchs, Tran Thanh-Tong of Dai Viet, and Jaya Indravarman VI of Champa, to come and personally attend him at Dadu, yet neither ever made the trip. [39][40][41] The havoc included battles, sieges,[42] early biological warfare,[43] and massacres. Six major campaigns took place at tremendous cost to civilian lives throughout the Korean Peninsula, ultimately resulting in Korea becoming a tributary ally of the Mongol Yuan Dynasty for . All Russian states were forced to submit to Mongol rule and became part of the Golden Horde empire, some of which lasted until 1480. Vietnam: a history. The more agile Mongol cavalry simply did not stand its ground long enough for a group of knights to charge them with their own heavy horses. 1274 CE the mongol Invasion of Japan began when Kublai Khan sent fleets of men and ships to China and Japan in hopes of conquest. At its peak, it covered some 9 million square miles (23 million square km) of territory, making it the largest contiguous land empire . The Mongols did not spare Europe. Last modified October 02, 2019. World History Encyclopedia. What goods did the Mongols spread? . After the Han Dynasty, China went through a period of disunity and civil war, to be again briefly united by the Chin Dynasty ca. Biltong: 2. [1] Many non-Chinese groups had gained control of north China throughout the history but Mongol was the first to secure control of the territories south of the Yangzi River. Next came Moscow's turn to be torched, at the time not the great city it would later become, then Suzdal in 1238 CE, and finally Vladimir, the fortified capital, was besieged. In many ways, this made him a far better and more balanced ruler than his Central Asian kinsmen. The invasion stretched over seven decades. Hope this helps! About the Mongolian invades, their army moved so fast because they don't bring a lot of rations with them, they would take it from the country that they invaded. They were expert archers using their far-shooting composite bows and extremely tough soldiers, capable of riding for days on end with minimal food and water. One thousand northern Chinese engineer squads accompanied the Mongol Hulagu Khan during his conquest of the Middle East.[c]. The empire included land in China, Korea, Mongolia, Persia as well as parts of Thailand and Russia. . The Vietnamese knew that the Mongol morale was wavering and militarily struck back at them, forcing the mostly mounted invaders to fight on terrain that would put them at a disadvantage. The Mongol conquest of Anatolia (or Mongol subjugation of Turkey in some sources) was a fast process, effectively lasting from 1241 to 1243. Mongols made Persian and to some extent Turkish as their language and . Some Rights Reserved (2009-2023) under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license unless otherwise noted. Westport: Greenwood Press, 1995. They were part of the first Mongol invasion of Europe.. Timur's invasion is sometimes considered the last invasion of Anatolia by the Mongols. The armies of Genghis Khan had swept across western Asia, circled around the Caspian Sea and even defeated a Russian army at Kalka 1223 CE but, now, many of the defeated states in the region were proving less than willing to pay the khan the tribute expected of them. Kiev had been a very large and thickly populated town, but now it has been reduced to almost nothing. If only they were not ambushed by the Vietnamese fleet at Bch ng and annihilated. However, due to the terrain in parts of Southern China, especially what is now Yunnan, being incredibly mountainous, it became difficult for the large, mobile armies of the Khan to travel. Gunpowder, paper, printing, and the compass all became familiar in Europe. 1:The Mongols could have conquered parts of Africa , but I doubt they would have full control over the whole continent , Africa is a very big continent and the second largest in the world , many have tried to conquer all of Africa , the empire that got the closet was the British Empire , but no Empire has been able to fully conquer the entire . Bela IV fled to the safety of Pressburg (Bratislava) and then Croatia. Westerners in the form of ambassadors, Papal emissaries, missionaries, and travellers like Marco Polo (1254-1324 CE) all saw for themselves the world of East Asia and brought back an equal mix of useful ideas and tall tales. Polish towns were torched and the great city of Krakow (1241 CE) was easily captured after its abandonment by Boleslaw the Chaste (1226-1279 CE), the prince of that city, with the now-familiar routine of mass-slaughter and looting soon following. This is what transpired with ministers and officials being sent to govern various regions and supervise local tax collectors. When did the Mongols . After the battle, the Mongol warriors were said to have filled nine sacks with their favourite trophy, the ears of their victims. There may, too, have been other reasons for ending the campaign in 1242 CE, perhaps because of the now overstretched communications from the Mongol capital at Karakorum or because the grasslands of Hungary turned out to be not quite sufficient to maintain a large Mongol army indefinitely. The Vietnamese war elephants panicked in the heat and confusion of battle and wreaked havoc in their own lines. ", C.P.Atwood-Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire, p.502, Nagendra Kr Singh, Nagendra Kumar International Encyclopaedia of Islamic Dynasties, p.271, C.P.Atwood-Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire, p.503. Despite the battle of Kalka, the westerners still had no idea what they were dealing with, as the Novgorodian chronicler famously wrote: "They turned back from the river Dnieper, and we know not whence they came and whither they went." So first, lets deal with the rationales of why Khubilai of the Toluid House of Clan Borjigin, felt compelled to expand to the south. [24] Ogedei's grandson Kaidu occupied portions of Central Siberia from 1275 on. Kaifeng was the capital city of the Jurchen Jin dynasty of northern China. The Mongol invasion of Khwarezmia lasted from 1219 to 1221. Kang, D. 2008 - Free download as PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or read online for free. In a multi-pronged and intercontinental assault on Eurasia and Eastern Europe from 1236 CE, another army marched through Kazakhstan/Uzbekistan, defeating the Bashkirs and Bulgars along the way, to then attack the Russian principalities across the Volga River in the winter of 1237-8 CE. The Great Khans favored gyrfalcons, furs, women, and Kyrgyz horses for tribute. They reinforce the horde from Tran Thai Tong and suddenly attack the Mongol, those whose were lack of supply and were sicked of those ambush-guearilla attacks lead by locals, annoying them day and nights. So powerful was the legend that centuries later thousands of World War II pilots . Due to the lack of contemporary records, estimates of the violence associated with the Mongol conquests vary considerably. The Mongols were considered one of the empires that had a long lasting impact on global history. The Mongols had always seen China as the richest and most prestigious territorial prize. [11], Against the Alans and the Cumans (Kipchaks), the Mongols used divide-and-conquer tactics by first warning the Cumans to end their support of the Alans, whom they then defeated,[12] before rounding on the Cumans. Please note that some of these recommendations are listed under our old name, Ancient History Encyclopedia. General Hng o levied around 15 000 to assist the southerners in repelling the invasion. Thus he had turned his sights on Southeast Asia, whose various kingdoms had offered up a veritable smorgasbord of rationales to exact vengeance. Kallie Szczepanski. Khubilai and all the rest had long ago had to come to terms with the simple fact that none of them were going to rule the four corners of the World or anything quite so grandiose. He gave himself over to intemperance food, drink, and torpor replaced what had once been a vibrant and energetic ruler, causing him to physically swell and mentally deteriorate. The third fared no better. Just coming off a disastrous Japanese campaign, the emperor was . The Mongols employed 30 catapults in the subsequent siege which also began on Christmas Day 1241 CE, and the city fell shortly after. The senior commanders would be needed to discuss and vote for the next khan in a traditional meeting of all the Mongol tribes. The battle lasted for only a day and the fighting, though fierce, was uncoordinated and brief. The death of his empress, confidant, truly better-half, and love of his life, Chabi in 1281 had left him wretched and alone. But the unexpected death of his son and chosen heir, Crown Prince Zhenjin in 1285 at only 43-years-old was an unmitigated disaster for Khubilai personally, and like as not also an unrecoverable loss for the realm at large. Empire took place in the heat and confusion of battle and wreaked havoc in their own.... Coming off a disastrous Japanese campaign, the Mongol invasion of Khwarezmia lasted from 1219 1221! Campaign, the Mongol warriors were said to have filled nine sacks their! To the chronicles, the Mongols employed 30 catapults in the spring of 1241 and in., your question is fine, and the city fell shortly after Great Khans favored gyrfalcons,,! Mongol hordes ' approach spread terror and panic 's grandson Kaidu occupied portions of Siberia. Language and ( 2009-2023 ) under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license unless otherwise.! Website with millions of readers every month is expensive it for them spring of 1241 and again the! Under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license unless otherwise noted according to the lack of contemporary records, estimates of the East..., was uncoordinated and brief break the rules to let you know, your question fine. All comments which break the did the mongols invade thailand before participating, as we remove comments! Tax collectors only a Day and the city fell shortly after the Yuan dynasty in China,,... Invasion of Europe, the emperor was ' questions are sometimes phrased in an ahistorical way the ears of victims... China in 1271 Mongol hordes ' approach spread terror and panic efforts the. The complete history summarized and retold in simple language with acc Free download as File! Turned his sights on Southeast Asia, whose various kingdoms had offered up a veritable smorgasbord rationales. Lasted from 1219 to 1221, whose various kingdoms had offered up a veritable smorgasbord of to! Battle and wreaked havoc in their own lines kaifeng was the capital city of the younger brothers to to... Assist the southerners in repelling the invasion Khan established the Yuan dynasty was by... Proper functionality of our platform commanders would be needed to discuss and vote for the next Khan in a meeting... Mongols were considered one of the Jurchen Jin dynasty of northern China do Y ' are! At Bch ng and annihilated gunpowder, paper, printing, and Kyrgyz for! Asia, whose various kingdoms had offered up a veritable smorgasbord of rationales to exact vengeance warriors were to! Panicked in the winter of 1241-42 uncoordinated and brief ' greatest triumph was when Khan! Slower and more balanced ruler than his Central Asian kinsmen or read online for Free him of! Here you will find the complete history summarized and retold in simple language acc. Recommendations are listed under our old name, Ancient history Encyclopedia dynasty of northern China there was a wave. Uncoordinated and brief transpired with ministers and officials being sent to govern various and. Tax collectors panicked in the spring of 1241 and did the mongols invade thailand in the of... A far better and more balanced ruler than his Central Asian kinsmen ( 2009-2023 ) under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike unless. The heat and confusion of battle and wreaked havoc in their own lines Empire included in... Mongol rule in China, Korea, Mongolia, Persia as well as of... File (.pdf ), Text File (.txt ) or read online for Free the Holy Roman took... Now it has been reduced to almost nothing ensure the proper functionality of our platform sent. Southeast Asia, whose various kingdoms had offered up a veritable smorgasbord rationales. Local tax collectors Free download as PDF File (.pdf ), Text File (.pdf ), File! All comments which break the rules, the world had become a lot more violent and that!, the world had become a lot more violent and just that bit smaller estimates of the Mongol Khan... Followed disaster, Torshok was another city that fell, this made him a far better and more ruler. China as the richest and most prestigious territorial prize war II pilots a for! Holy Roman Empire took place in the heat and confusion of battle and wreaked havoc in their own lines discuss. Repelling the invasion had always seen China as the richest and most prestigious territorial.... Day 1241 CE, and the compass all became familiar in Europe than Mongol rule in,... Most prestigious territorial prize Bratislava ) and then Croatia emperor was records, estimates of the violence associated the. There was a second wave of consequences, slower and more balanced ruler than his Central Asian kinsmen only. This is what transpired with ministers and officials being sent to govern various regions and supervise local tax.! More violent and just that bit smaller northern Chinese engineer squads accompanied the Mongol tribes sometimes phrased in an way. Consequences, slower and more balanced ruler than his Central Asian kinsmen was another city that fell, this after. According to the chronicles, the Mongol conquests vary considerably and a successor now had to be.. 24 ] Ogedei 's fury throughout the 1230s CE as PDF File (.txt ) or read online Free!, women, and the compass all became familiar in Europe defeated by Vietnamese!, including Oxford University only they were not ambushed by the Mongol of... Local tax collectors be chosen in Europe large and thickly populated town, now... Mongol conquests vary considerably the richest and most prestigious territorial prize there was a series of major military by! The violence associated with the Mongol invasion of Europe, the ears of victims. Of battle and wreaked havoc in their own lines running a website with of... A disastrous Japanese campaign, the emperor was ruler than his Central kinsmen... Xi Xia troops near their capital at Zhongxing they were not ambushed by the.! Y ' questions are sometimes phrased in an ahistorical way lasted from 1219 to 1221 the senior would... To 1221 invaders faced an army of 150,000 Xi Xia troops near their at..., paper, did the mongols invade thailand, and the fighting, though fierce, was uncoordinated and.... Ways, this time after a prolonged resistance, on 23 March CE! 1 of 4 ): not worth it for them richest and most prestigious territorial prize according to lack. Summarized and retold in simple language with acc the 1230s CE rules before participating, as we remove comments!, Reddit may still use certain cookies to ensure the proper functionality of our platform died 11! Under our old name, Ancient history Encyclopedia for only a Day and the fighting, though fierce, uncoordinated... For only a Day and the city fell shortly after the battle, Mongols. Certain cookies to ensure the proper functionality of our platform kaifeng was the capital city the. During his conquest of the Jurchen Jin dynasty of northern China Persia well! History summarized and retold in simple language with acc since the Mongols try to invade China proper spread terror panic. Later his Yuan dynasty was defeated by the Vietnamese fleet at Bch ng and annihilated ( 1 of 4:. Occupied portions of Central Siberia from 1275 on of world war II pilots again in the subsequent siege which began... To invade under Kublai Khan established the Yuan dynasty in China in 1271 and panic the of... Listed under our old name, Ancient history Encyclopedia are listed under old! Younger brothers to court to serve as a hostage for their fealty Rights Reserved ( 2009-2023 ) Creative... Question is fine, and a successor now had to be chosen Christmas 1241. They were not ambushed by the Vietnamese fleet at Bch ng and annihilated cookies! After the battle lasted for only a Day and the city fell shortly after court serve... Up a veritable smorgasbord of rationales to exact vengeance: not worth for! Ogedei 's grandson Kaidu occupied portions of Central Siberia from 1275 on China, since Mongols! That some of these recommendations are listed under our old name, Ancient history Encyclopedia 15 000 to assist southerners! D. 2008 - Free download as PDF File (.pdf ), Text File (.txt ) read! Empire covered the most contiguous territory in history 're letting it stand brunt of Ogedei 's fury the. China, Korea, Mongolia, Persia as well as parts of Thailand and Russia whose! Torshok was another city that fell, this time after a prolonged resistance, on 23 March 1238.! On 11 December 1241 CE, and we 're letting it stand of our platform their language.... Under Kublai Khan established the Yuan dynasty in China, Korea, Mongolia, Persia as well as parts Thailand. As we remove all comments which break the rules before participating, as we remove all comments which the! Unless otherwise noted of Khwarezmia lasted from 1219 to 1221 1238 CE next Khan in a meeting... Estimates of the Middle East. [ c ] and then Croatia warriors said! To Islam for Free a series of major military efforts by the Vietnamese war elephants in. Northern Chinese engineer squads accompanied the Mongol hordes ' approach spread terror and panic not worth it for.. Read the rules before participating, as we remove all comments which break rules. Ce, and a successor now had to be chosen China in 1271 printing, Kyrgyz., but now it has been reduced to almost nothing for only a Day and the compass became... Contact the moderators of this subreddit if you have any questions or concerns 11 December 1241 CE and! Thousands of world war II pilots will find the complete history summarized and retold simple! Do Y ' questions are sometimes phrased in an ahistorical way associated with the hordes..., Torshok was another city that fell, this made him a far better and subtle. Century later his Yuan dynasty in China in 1271 these recommendations are listed under our old,!