The organization was one of several fronts operated by German communist Willi Mnzenberg, a member of the Reichstag who had fled to France in 1933. He was tall and fair; she was slight with curly, dark hair. In late summer 1943, the SIS provided the GRU an official report on the activities of German agents in Bulgaria and Romania, soon to be liberated by the Soviet Union. In Vienna, working to aid refugees from Germany, Philby met Litzi Friedmann (born Alice Kohlmann), a young Austrian communist of Hungarian Jewish origins. You can give that to the International Organisation for Aid for Revolutionaries. When they had not returned on the Sunday night, her mother was frantic. His controller in Paris, the Latvian Ozolin-Haskins (code name Pierre), was shot in Moscow in 1937 during Joseph Stalin's Great Purge. "" ( : Harold Adrian Russell "Kim" Philby ; 1 1912 - 11 1988) . At the same time, Burgess was trying to get her into MI6. He trained Albanian commandossome of whom were former Nazi collaboratorsin Libya or Malta. Philby, one of the few British intelligence officers operating in America at the time, was an obvious possibility. [58] Philby wrote under his own name and under the pen name "Charles Garner" when writing about "fluffy" subjects. He reported to the Soviet NKVD from the Spanish civil war under the guise of a correspondent for the Times, and in 1940 joined the Secret Intelligence Service (SIS, or MI6), becoming a double agent and passing many secrets to the Kremlin. However, she denies that Philby ever regretted defecting to the Soviet Union, adding that he never talked of going home to Britain. Harry St. John Philby, () 3.73 avg rating 11 ratings. Philby replied that none had been sent and that none was undergoing training at that time. Born in 1946, Dudley Tommy Philby is the third of Kims five children with his second of four wives, Aileen Furse Philby. They travelled together in Spain through August 1939. Rate this book. Philby confirmed that he had worked for the KGB and that "his purpose in life was to destroy imperialism".[80]. He used a simpler system for MI6, delivering post at Hendaye, France, for the British embassy in Paris. [49] Philby had undertaken to devise an escape plan which would warn Maclean, in England, of the intense suspicion he was under and arrange for him to flee. On the 50th anniversary of Philbys defection to Moscow, British newspaper The Daily Telegraph carried an article with excerpts of interviews with one of Philbys sons, Dudley Thomas Philby, and his Russian widow, Rufina Pukhova Philby. The KGB would stamp the documents "top secret" and begin their circulation. "Kim believed in a just society and devoted his whole life to communism. (LogOut/ During the Phoney War from September 1939 until the Dunkirk evacuation, Philby worked as The Times' first-hand correspondent with the British Expeditionary Force headquarters. Rufina Pukhova, his Russian-Polish wife, said Philby struggled to control his drinking by downing only two glasses of cognac a night and then handing her the bottle to hide. It was a mystery. [90] Aileen suffered from psychiatric problems, which grew more severe during the period of poverty and suspicion following the flight of Burgess and Maclean. Philbys defection sent ripples of shock across Western intelligence and is often described as one of the most dramatic moments of the Cold War. On 23 May, concerned that Maclean had not yet fled, Philby wired Burgess, ostensibly about his Lincoln convertible abandoned in the Embassy car park. In our final extract, she secretly joins him behind the Iron Curtain. Melinda translated Russian stories into English for the weekly English paper, Moscow News. He was 65. ", Pukhova, now 78, said she was irritated by stories about Philby's drink problem, but admitted he wasn't always able to stick to his two-glass rule. But in Russia he is still admired as a hero. He was able to order new books from Bowes & Bowes bookshop in Cambridge, who checked with MI5 whether they should be supplying him. For some 30 years he was an adviser to King Ibn Saud of Saudi Arabia. I liked her determination. Henry was born circa 1823, in Loughton, Essex, England. By IAN ALLEN | intelNews.org | children: Dudley Thomas Philby, Harry George Philby, John . In 1968, she returned to Maclean. Harry Philby. [25][26] Philby and Burgess ran a training course for would-be saboteurs at Brickendonbury Manor in Hertfordshire. As for Melinda the central figure in the circle of loyalty and secrecy, desertion and reconciliation, love and solitariness that was the human drama of Donald Macleans life she lived well into her 90s before dying in New York in 2010, silent to the end about her years with one of Britains most infamous traitors. Harold Adrian Russell Philby, ; 1 1912, , 11 1988, ) . '', he would reply: ''Oh yes, I'm his son.''. In 1946, Philby arranged a divorce from Litzi. [11][pageneeded], Philby provided Stalin with advance warning of Operation Barbarossa and of the Japanese intention to strike into southeast Asia instead of attacking the Soviet Union as Hitler had urged. Roland Philipps For The Daily Mail Sister of Harold Adrian Russell "Kim" Philby; Diana Mary Bridger Philby and Helena Verna Philby. Fill in your details below or click an icon to log in: You are commenting using your WordPress.com account. This is absolutely the best place for us. "[23], Philby, "employed in a Department of the Foreign Office", was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in 1946.[41]. Dora Patricia Cardew Philby. Kim Philby attended Trinity College, Cambridge, where, in the early 1930s, with Guy Burgess, Donald Maclean and others, he espoused communism. In August 1956 he was sent to Beirut as a Middle East correspondent for The Observer and The Economist. She liked it that he was a man with strong beliefs, and agreed to stand by him. This entailed responsibility for a network of undercover operatives in several cities such as Madrid, Lisbon, Gibraltar and Tangier. After leaving Cambridge, Philby worked as a journalist, covering the Spanish Civil War and the Battle of France. [71] However, others maintain that he escaped through Syria, overland to Soviet Armenia and thence to Russia. Pukhova said he was a "special" and principled man. Born in British India, Philby was educated at Westminster School and Trinity College, Cambridge. [4][5], Nicknamed "Kim" after the boy-spy in Rudyard Kipling's novel Kim,[3] Philby attended Aldro preparatory school, an all-boys school located in Shackleford near Godalming in Surrey, England, United Kingdom. Philby had to help discover the identity of "Homer" but also wished to protect Maclean. Solomon went to work for the British retailer Marks & Spencer. As a result of this accident, Philby, who was well-liked by the Nationalist forces whose victories he trumpeted, was awarded the Red Cross of Military Merit by Franco on 2 March 1938. [31], Philby's role as an instructor of sabotage agents again brought him to the attention of the Soviet Joint State Political Directorate (OGPU). Philby occupied himself by writing his memoirs, which were published in the UK in 1968 under the title My Silent War; they were not published in the Soviet Union until 1980. Biografi [ redigera | redigera wikitext] Philby var son till arabisten St. John Philby. A new expedition honours Harry St John Philby's exploration of the kingdom more than 100 years ago. She was an object of both pity and fascination, and to get away from it all, she moved from their house on the Kent-Surrey border to Switzerland, with her mother. Philbys odd support for the Stalinist system is another personal failing. On 25 October 1955, following revelations in The New York Times, Labour MP Marcus Lipton used parliamentary privilege to ask Prime Minister Anthony Eden if he was determined "to cover up at all costs the dubious third man activities of Mr Harold Philby"[57] This was reported in the British press, leading Philby to threaten legal action against Lipton if he repeated his accusations outside Parliament. Eventually, Melinda went back to her home country, the U.S., bringing to an end nearly 40 years of endurance, loyalty and betrayal. Philby worked at first as a freelance journalist; from May 1937, he served as a first-hand correspondent for The Times, reporting from the headquarters of the pro-Franco forces. During the summer of 1945, a Soviet cipher clerk had reused a one-time pad to transmit intelligence traffic. But believe me I did the right thing and dont regret it, she wrote, aware of those who might read her letters on both sides of the Iron Curtain. At this point, however, Philby and Friedmann separated. [65] Nicholas Elliott, an MI6 officer recently stationed in Beirut who was a friend of Philby's and had previously believed in his innocence, was tasked with attempting to secure Philby's full confession. The "affair of the missing diplomats," as it was referred to before Burgess and Maclean surfaced in Moscow,[54] attracted a great deal of public attention, and Burgess's disappearance, which identified him as complicit in Maclean's espionage, deeply compromised Philby's position. The head of MI6, Dick White, only recently transferred from MI5, had suspected Philby as the "third man". Weakened by alcoholism and frequent sickness, she died of influenza in December 1957.[91]. Another effort was made using a Turkish gulet for a seaborne landing, but it never left port. 4 Comments. The two-drink tradition remained but in time there was no longer a need to hide the bottle, she added. [3], Secret files released to the National Archives in late 2020 indicated that the UK government had intentionally conducted a campaign to keep Philby's spying confidential "to minimise political embarrassment" and prevent the publication of his memoirs, according to a report by The Guardian. However, Pukhova said the fear that she would leave had helped her husband temper his intake in later years. [5], Kim Philby, memorandum in Security Service Archives (1963). "Once, a big group of us were on a trip on the Volga: Kim and I and, of course, his KGB escort, and the escort's daughter. "If he continued drinking, he got inebriated quickly and changed in front of your eyes," she said. Harry Montague Philby was born in month 1857, at birth place, to Henry Adams Philby and Mary Philby (born Bridger). [6] Following in the footsteps of his father, Philby continued to Westminster School, which he left in 1928 at the age of 16. Could they have overlooked Philby's Communist wife?" Barclay reported the complaint to London. Philby was posted to the United States the following year, and Burgess, who was second secretary at the British Embassy, lodged with the Philbys at their ramshackle house in Washington. The comments below have not been moderated, By Philby, who married three times, is survived by a daughter, the journalist Charlotte Philby. Philby, though, began seeing Melinda on the side, confessing as much to his wife and saying that he was just trying to make [Melindas] life happier as she had been miserable for the last 15 years. "Kim" Philby, history, interviews, KGB, MI6, News, NKVD, Rufina Pukhova-Philby, UK, USSR. I questioned her about it but she would give me no details. Jubilee Statistical Yearbook]", "The national economy of the USSR for 70 years. [52][53], Burgess had intended to aid Maclean in his escape, not accompany him in it. She would be his silent witness for all the difficult years ahead. Little Donald said perhaps he had gone to India because that would be a good place to hide.. They lived together for three years, until a younger woman caught the philandering Philby's eye. Litzi lived in Paris before returning to London for the duration of the war; she ultimately settled in East Germany. "Kim said to me, 'I came here totally fully of information, I wanted to give everything I had but no one was interested," explained Pukhova. In contrast to Blake, Philby and Burgess and to a less extent Maclean suffered from nostalgia for Britain. He had the policy of never confessinga document in his own handwriting was dismissed as a forgery. It was ten years before he was given a minor role in the training of KGB recruits. He later wrote "she had got a tantalising scrap of information about a young English journalist whom the Soviet intelligence had sent to Spain during the Civil War. He valued his anonymity, but never changed his name from Philby. [20] However, such an act was never a real possibility; upon debriefing Philby in London on 24 May 1937, Maly wrote to the NKVD, "Though devoted and ready to sacrifice himself, [Philby] does not possess the physical courage and other qualities necessary for this [assassination] attempt."[20]. She made some calculations and announced, "That will leave you an excess of 25. ", "John le Carr, The Art of Fiction No. "[59] Following this, Philby gave a press conference in whichcalmly, confidently, and without the stammer he had struggled with since childhoodhe reiterated his innocence, declaring, "I have never been a communist. A more serious threat to Philby's position had come to light. He testified before the Dies Committee (later to become the House Un-American Activities Committee) regarding Soviet espionage within the US. death death: 1988-05-11. manner of death: Natural Causes cause of death: Myocardial Infarction. [74] When the news broke, MI6 came under criticism for failing to anticipate and block Philby's defection, though Elliott was to claim he could not have prevented Philby's flight. The Macleans lived well, housed in a smart building overlooking the river, in a splendid six-room flat which they gradually filled with bric--brac and furniture shipped from home. Philby planned to infiltrate five or six groups of migrs into Soviet Armenia or Soviet Georgia, but efforts among the expatriate community in Paris produced just two recruits. [54][61] There, his journalism served as cover for renewed work for MI6. Required to take new names and identities, Maclean chose to be Mark Petrovich Frazer (after the Cambridge anthropologist Sir James Frazer of Golden Bough fame, a 12-volume study of mythology and religion). His own comment was "I do not say that people were happy under the regime but the CIA underestimated the degree of control that the Authorities had over the country. He took a job at a monthly magazine, the World Review of Reviews, for which he wrote a large number of articles and letters (sometimes under a variety of pseudonyms) and occasionally served as "acting editor. Melinda fitted the bill. She told a BBC documentary: He was just dad. Philby's award of the Order of the British Empire was cancelled and annulled in 1965. Macleans study resembled that of a Cambridge professor, with copies of Trollope, biographies of Gladstone and airmail editions of The Times. His wife Eleanor joined him in Moscow, and the Philbys and the Macleans spent a lot of time together, going to the ballet or just having dinner and playing bridge. Opposites attracted. Lipton later withdrew his comments. Philby claimed to have overheard discussion of this by chance and sent a report to his controller. Solomon introduced Philby to the woman who would become Philby's second wife, Aileen Furse. By the end of the Second World War he had become a high-ranking member. [22][23], Alexander Orlov (born Lev Feldbin; code-name Swede), Philby's controller in Madrid, who had once met him in Perpignan, France, also defected. [3] St John was a member of the Indian Civil Service (ICS) and later a civil servant in Mesopotamia, and advisor to King Ibn Sa'ud of Saudi Arabia. Please. When he died, in 1988, he was buried with honors by the Soviet authorities. For the Soviets, Philby was an invaluable asset, ensuring the correct use of idiomatic and diplomatic English phrases in their disinformation efforts. But such treatment did not last and they were quickly dispatched to the closed city of Kuybyshev, 600 miles east of Moscow far away, they were told, from British assassination squads. It is also true, she said, that he tried to kill himself at one point. Krivitsky claimed that two Soviet intelligence agents had penetrated the Foreign Office and that a third Soviet intelligence agent had worked as a journalist for a British newspaper during the civil war in Spain. When the news broke in Britain that she, too, had defected, the Press rounded on Melinda, turning the pathetic and lonely figure theyd previously portrayed her as into a scheming deceiver. Philby was suspected of tipping off two other spies under suspicion of Soviet espionage, Donald Maclean and Guy Burgess, both of whom subsequently fled to Moscow in May 1951. Like his father, he enjoyed the company of women, and drank and smoked heavily. n ADAPTED from A Spy Named Orphan by Roland Philipps, to be published by The Bodley Head on April 26 at 20. But though his love affair with the cause never wavered, his love affair with Melinda did. "[8], Upon Philby's graduation, Maurice Dobb, a fellow of King's College, Cambridge and tutor in Economics, introduced him to the World Federation for the Relief of the Victims of German Fascism, an organization based in Paris which attempted to aid the people victimized by Nazi Germany and provide education on oppositions to fascism. JOHN Philby, the eldest son of Soviet spy Kim Philby, who was a double agent and the notorious Third Man in the Cambridge spy ring of the 1930s, has died in England. And Larry Wu Tai Chin almost singlehandedly prolonged the duration of the Korean War by two years. We got together in our cabin to discuss our plans. However, when Elliott asked him to sign a written statement, he hesitated and requested a delay in the interrogation. The next day she notified the British Consul in Geneva. Kim Philby drank while Guy Burgess, who was gay, missed his friends in London, including Anthony Blunt whose spying activities, though known to the government, were kept under wraps until they were exposed much later, in 1979. Golitsyn offered the CIA revelations of Soviet agents within American and British intelligence services. 149", "Up on the Catwalk Lyrics Simple Minds", The Defence of the Realm: The Authorized History of MI5, Stalin's Englishman: The Lives of Guy Burgess, Annotated bibliography of the Philby Affair, File release: Cold War Cambridge spies Burgess and Maclean, "Kim Philby: The Spy Who Loved Me" by Charlotte Philby, 12 June 2018, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kim_Philby&oldid=1139360835, Belgian comic authors Olivier Neuray and Valerie Lemaire wrote a series of three historical comics entitled "Les Cinq de Cambridge" involving Kim Philby. His friend Malcolm Muggeridge regarded Philby as ''a real-life James Bond''. Then, of course, there was Kim Philby's own children. "He once even said that it was the easiest way to bring life to an end. Under a cloud of suspicion raised by his highly visible and intimate association with Burgess, Philby returned to London. Maclean bequeathed Blake his library of books, including Trollope, Macaulay's History of England, Morley's Life of Gladstone, and the Macmillan and Eden memoirs. He said that at the time of his recruitment as a spy there were no prospects of his being useful; he was instructed to make his way into the Secret Service, which took years, starting with journalism and building up contacts in the establishment. [11][pageneeded] After being evacuated from Boulogne on 21 May, he returned to France in mid-June and began representing The Daily Telegraph in addition to The Times. In 1949 Philby was appointed first secretary to the British Embassy in Washington and served as chief British liaison with American intelligence agencies. After Philby's father was accused in the British Parliament of ''dubious Third Man activities'' in 1955, the son's classmates were enthralled to think his father might be a spy, and the boy basked in the reflected glow of notoriety. Lawrence of the British army and the British explorer and agent Harry Saint John Philby, as well as members of the house of Hashim Faisal bin Hussein and Abdullah bin Hussein, the key tribal leaders who led the revolt, and other . [11][pageneeded], In February 1937, Philby travelled to Seville, Spain, then embroiled in a bloody civil war triggered by the coup d'tat of Falangist forces under General Francisco Franco against the democratic government of President Manuel Azaa. [citation needed] It later emerged that the agentknown as Schmidthad also worked as an informant for the Rote Kapelle organisation, which sent information to both London and Moscow. [58] Following the departure of his father and stepbrothers for Saudi Arabia, Philby continued to live alone in Ajaltoun, but took a flat in Beirut after beginning an affair with Eleanor, the Seattle-born wife of New York Times correspondent Sam Pope Brewer. Melinda returned to Donald, but two years later moved to her own apartment. It was a miracle. 23. The new London rezident, Ivan Chichayev (code-name Vadim), re-established contact and asked for a list of names of British agents being trained to enter the Soviet Union. Mary was born circa 1824, in London, England. Aileen died in 1957, when Tommy was just 11 years old; his contact with his father was cut off as soon as the double spy defected to the USSR in January 1963. [58] Golitsyn proceeded to confirm White's suspicions about Philby's role. (LogOut/ "[69] Prompted by Elliott's accusations, Philby confirmed the charges of espionage and described his intelligence activities on behalf of the Soviets. THE daughter of Kim Philby, the MI6 agent who spied for the Soviet Union, has broken her silence to describe the admiration she feels for her father, 50 years since he defected to Moscow in one. Maclean seemed totally at one with Soviet ways and believed to his death that the USSR and its new society has a much better prospect than the old of overcoming the major ills and injustices of our civilisation. Please, The subscription details associated with this account need to be updated. There was nothing more [he] could do. She lived separately from Philby, settling with their children in Crowborough while he lived first in London and later in Beirut. He had five, one of whom, incidentally, was named after George Washington, the American president. She put the two boys into the International School in Geneva and finally explained to them what had happened to their father, reporting to her sister that their worst fear seems to be that I might vanish too. He said that there was no discipline there; he made friends with the archivist, which enabled him for years to take secret documents home, many unrelated to his own work, and bring them back the next day; his handler took and photographed them overnight. On the strength of his knowledge and experience of Franco's Spain, Philby was put in charge of the subsection which dealt with Spain and Portugal. LONDON Kim Philby, called the "spy of the century" because of his work for the Soviet Union while a senior officer in British intelligence, died Wednesday in Moscow, the Foreign Office said. And he kept his word to the end." Born in Ambala, Punjab, British India, Harold Adrian Russell Philby was the son of Dora Johnston and St John Philby, an author, Arabist and explorer. He got himself a job teaching English in a school. Journalist Ben Macintyre, author of several works on espionage, speculated that MI6 might have left open the opportunity for Philby to flee to Moscow to avoid an embarrassing public trial. [37], In February 1934, Philby married Litzi Friedmann, an Austrian Jewish communist whom he had met in Vienna. [5], Elena Modrzhinskaya at GUGB headquarters in Moscow assessed all material from the Cambridge Five. Pierre-Charles Path. 1951Tips off fellow Cambridge Spy Donald Maclean that a warrant has been issued for his arrest. [3], On the evening of 23 January 1963, Philby vanished from Beirut, failing to meet his wife for a dinner party at the home of Glencairn Balfour Paul, First Secretary at the British Embassy. That to the end. '' was appointed first secretary to the woman who would become Philby 's second,... Whom, incidentally, was Named after George Washington, the American president melinda returned to London for weekly. That he tried to kill himself at one point had come to light leave! 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[ 26 ] Philby and Burgess and to a less extent Maclean suffered from nostalgia for Britain Sunday.